EXERCISE 2:

A.  Fill in the blank correctly with the answers 
      given below.

     mud     migrate     hump     fat     hibernate

1.   Swallows ....................... to warmer areas 
      during the winter.

2.   A penguin has a thick layer of ....................... 
      under its skin.

3.   A rhinoceros wallows in ...................... to 
      keep cool.

4.   A bear and squirrel .................... during 
      winter.

5.   A camel stores water in its ....................

****************************************

B.  Underline the correct answers.

1.   The banana plant ( curls up , sheds ) its 
      leaves on a hot day.

2.   A ( caterpillar , fish ) excrete carbon dioxide 
      through its gills.

3.   A ( mamba , bedbug ) releases poison when 
      attacked.

4.   Bryophyllum and begonia plants reproduce 
      from ( leaves, spores ).

5.   Rose uses ( latex , thorns ) to protect itself.

****************************************

C.  Choose the correct answers.


1.  How does a bamboo plant protect itself from 
     its enemies ?
    A)   It has a flexible stem
    B)   It produces latex
    C)   It has long leaves
    D)   It has fine hairs

2.   The following note describe a process:
       *Animal R sleeps when the weather is very 
        cold.
      What is this process known as ?
     A)   Camouflage
     B)   Hibernation
     C)   Excretion
     D)   Reproduction

3.    The following notes describe a living   
        things:
       * lives in the soil
       * breathes through moist skin
      Which living thing is being described ?
     A)   Frog
     B)   Rat
     C)   Mosquito larva
     D)   Earthworm

4.   Which of the following living things live in 
      very cold and windy places ?
      I)     A polar bear
      II)    A pine tree
      III)   A cactus plant
     A)    I
     B)    I and II
     C)    II and III
     D)    I, II and III

5.   What do a cactus, camel and scorpion have  
       in common ?

     A)   They all have spines
     B)   They can live without water
     C)   They are poisonous
     D)   They all live in hot and dry places

THINKING CORNER :

Question 1:

Why does a coconut tree grow naturally on sea coast ?

Answer :

The coconut fruit is dispersed through sea water. The ripe fruit falls down and is transported by water to its new habitat, which will also be along the coast.

Question 2:

Why does a dog hang its tongue out of its mouth to cool down ?

Answer :

The tongue is coated with saliva, which is mostly water. The saliva evaporates and cools down the dog.

ANIMALS AND PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES :

PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS :

1.  Besides protecting themselves from danger and enemies, plants also need to adapt themselves to extreme weather conditions.
2.  Some of these weather conditions include :

• hot and dry weather
• strong winds
• extremely cold weather  

STRONG WINDS :

1.  Plants in windy areas need special characteristics to withstand strong winds.
2.  Thus the plants will be able to withstand the strong impact of the wind.

Plants have special characteristics to protect themselves from strong winds such as :

1.   Modified roots :

• Plants with supporting roots and buttress roots can protect themselves from strong winds and tides.
• all types of roots help anchor the plant firmly in the ground.

       (A)   Supporting roots:

• some plants have supporting roots.
• the roots grow out from the lower nodes of the stem down into the ground.
• these roots hold the plant firmly to the ground.
• mangrove tree is an example of tree that have supporting roots.
• mangrove tree grows along the coast and it is exposed to strong winds and tides.
• the supporting roots can protect the mangrove trees from strong and tides.

      (B)   Buttress roots :

• some plants have buttress roots.
• these are big roots which grow on the base of the stems on the surface of the soil.
• they can be seen as large structures which are flattened vertically.
• these structure help to support the plant.
• the flame of the forest and shorea trees which grow in the forest are the examples of trees that have buttress roots.

2.   Modified leaves :

         (A)   Divided or spilt leaves :

• some plants have divided leaves to prevent the plant from being uprooted when strong wind blows.
• coconut tree and palm tree are examples of plants that have divided or spilt leaves.

         (B)   Small leaves and needle-shaped  

                  leaves :

• some plants have small leaves.
• strong wind blows through these leaves without uprooting the plants
• pine trees, casuarina and conifers are examples of plants that have small leaves and needle-shaped leaves.

         (C)   Flexible stems :

• some plants have flexible stem.
• these plants have stems which can bend easily and sway during strong winds.
• bamboo plant, coconut tree and lalang are the examples of plants that have flexible stems.

EXTREMELY COLD WEATHER :

1.  Plants that grow in extremely cold weather conditions such as during the winter need special characteristics to adapt themselves in the weather.

2.  For examples, conifer trees are shaped like big cones.

• during winter the cone shape enables snow to slide easily to the ground and not rest on the branches to prevent the branches from breaking.

ANIMALS AND PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES :

PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS :

1.  Besides protecting themselves from danger and enemies, plants also need to adapt themselves to extreme weather conditions.
2.  Some of these weather conditions include :

• hot and dry weather
• strong winds
• extremely cold weather  

HOT AND DRY WEATHER :

1.  Plants need to protect themselves from losing too much water when the weather is dry and hot.
2.  Most plants lose water from their leaves.
3.  There are many ways plants can prevent too much water from being lost.

Plants have special characteristics to protect themselves from hot and dry weather such as :

1.   Curl their leaves :

• some plants curl their leaves on hot days.
• banana plant, maize plant and lallang are examples of plants that curl their leaves on hot days. 

2.   Small leaves and needle-shaped leaves :

• some plants have small leaves or needle-shaped leaves.
• these leaf shapes reduce the amount of water lost to the surroundings.
• conifer, cactus and tea shrub are examples of plants that have small leaves or needle-shaped leaves.

3.   Waxy and waterproof leaves :

• some plants have thick, waxy and waterproof leaves.
• yam, pandan, hibiscus and banana plants are examples of plants that waxy leaves.

4.   Store water  :

• some plants can store water in their stem, leaves and roots.
• cactus, aloe vera, watermelon and turnip plants are examples of plants that can store water in their stem, leaves and roots.
• cactus stores water in its stem.
• aloe vera plant stores water in its leaves.
• watermelon plant stores water in its fruit.
• turnip plant stores water in its roots.
• the cactus is a very special plant because it can grow in hot and dry desert, has small, tiny and needle-like spines to reduce water loss from the leaves, have fat barrel-lik stems to store large volumes of water and roots are long and grow deep in the sand to search for water.

5.   Shed their leaves:

• some trees shed their leaves when the weather is very dry.
• with fewer leaves, the trees loose less water.
• rubber and oak trees are examples of trees that shed their leaves when it is dry.

6.   Leaves drop :

• some plants drop their leaves during hot weather.
• rubber trees and bougainvillea plants are examples of plants that drop their leaves during hot weather.

7.   Leaves have hairs :

• some leaves of plants have hairs on them.
• watermelon plant and pumpkin plant are examples of plants that have hairs on their leaves.

ANIMALS AND PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES :

PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM ENEMIES :

Plants have special characteristics to protect themselves from enemies such as :

1.   Thick and hard bark :

• some plants have hard and thick  barks.
• it is difficult to damage the trunks of trees which have hard and thick barks.
• durian tree, rambutan tree, coconut tree and mango tree are examples of plants that have hard and thick barks.

2.   Fine hairs :

• some plants have fine hairs on the leaves, fruits or stems to protect them from being eaten.
• the fine hairs cause itchiness when touched.
• lalang plant, pumpkin plant and bamboo plant are examples of plants that have fine hairs.

3.   Thorns :

• some plants have thorns to protect themselves from being eaten.
• pineapple plant, rose plant, bougainvillea plant and some bamboo plants are examples of plants that have thorns.

4.   Produce sap or latex :

• some plants have sap or latex, which prevent them from being eaten.
• the latex cause itchiness.
• papaya tree, rubber tree, frangipani plant and dumbcane plant are examples of plants that have sap or latex.

5.   Thick and hard skin :

• it is difficult for animals to eat fruits with thick and hard skin.
• durian, coconut, and watermelon are examples of plants that have thick and hard skin.

6.   Produce poisonous substances :

• some plants produce poisonous substances.
• mushrooms, yam plant and pong-pong plant are examples of plants that produce poisonous substances.

  
    
     

ANIMALS AND PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES :

PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM ENEMIES :

1.  Animals and humans damage plants when seeking shelter or food.
2.  Plants have to protect themselves from their enemies and also have to adapt to their environment to survive.
3.  Plants can protect themselves in many ways.
4.  Some plants close their leaves when touched.
5.  The mimosa plant closes its leaflets when touched.
6.  Plants have special characteristics to protect them from being destroyed by humans and animals.
7.  The special characteristics of plants to protect themselves from enemies are:
     (a)   thick and hard bark
     (b)   fine hairs
     (c)   thorns
     (d)   produce sap or latex
     (e)   hard skin
     (f)    produce poisonous substances 

ANIMALS AND PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES:

ANIMALS PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM EXTREME WEATHER :


EXTREMELY HOT WEATHER:

1.  Animals can protect themselves from extremely hot weather in many ways.
2.  The specific characteristic and behaviour that animals have to protect themselves in extremely hot weather are :

•     humps
•     spray water and have big ears to fan
•     dig holes
•     wallowing in mud 
•     active at night
•     hangs its tongue

3.  Humps :

• some animals have humps.
• they can store food and water in their bodies.
• a camel is an example of such an animal.
• it stores food and water in its hump.

4.  Dig holes :

• some animals dig holes deep in the soil and remain there when it is hot.
• porcupine, mole and earthworm are examples of animals that dig holes and hide themselves in it.

5.  Spray water and have big ears to fan :

• an elephant sprays water on itself to keep cool.
• it also fans itself with its big ears.

6.  Wallowing in mud :

• some animals wallow in mud to keep themselves cool on hot days.
• buffalo, hippotamus and rhinoceros are examples of animals that wallow in mud at hot weather.

7.  Active at night :

• some animals are active at night when it is cooler.
• owl, bat and rat are examples of animals that are active at night.

8.  Hangs its tongue:

• a dog hangs its tongue out of its mouth when it is hot.

ANIMALS AND PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES:

ANIMALS PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM EXTREME WEATHER :


EXTREMELY COLD WEATHER:

1.  Animals can protect themselves from extremely cold weather in many ways.
2.  The specific characteristic and behaviour that animals have to protect themselves in extremely cold weather are :

•     thick fur
•     thick layer of fat
•     hibernating 
•     migrating

3.  Thick fur :

• some animals have thick fur.
• polar bear and artic fox are examples of animals that have thick fur.

4.  Thick layer of fat :

• some animals have a thick layer of fat under their skin.
• walrus, penguin, whale, seal and polar bear are examples of animals that have thick layer of fat under their skin.

5.  Hibernating :

• some animals hibernate when it is very cold.
• when an animal hibernates, it sleeps for a long time.
• it wakes up when the weather is warm.
• bears and squirrels are examples of animals that hibernates.

6.  Migrating :

• some animals migrate to warmer areas.
• sparrows, swallows and gulls are examples of animals that migrate to warmer areas.

ANIMALS AND PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES :

ANIMALS PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM EXTREME WEATHER :

1. Animals also need to protect themselves from extreme weather.
2. Animals protect themselves from extreme weather to ensure their survival.
3. Animals have special ways to protect themselves. These may be either :
    (a)   a special characteristic
    (b)   a special behaviour
4.  Animals have specific characteristic and behaviour to protect themselves from extremely cold weather and very hot weather.

ANIMALS AND PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES :

ANIMALS PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM DANGER :

Animals have specific behaviour to protect themselves such as :

1. Curl up:

• some animals curl up their bodies when threatened by enemies.
• millipede and pangolin are examples of animals that curl up their bodies when threatened by enemies.

2. Camouflage:

• some animals have patterns and colours that blend with their surroundings.
• other animals cannot easily spot these animals, which are said to be camouflaged.
• caterpillar, moth, stick insect and grasshopper are examples of such animals.
• chameleon and octopus can  change body colour to blend with their surroundings.

3. Living in herds or groups :

• some animals live in groups.
• this prevent their enemies from attacking them and if attacked, all the animals will fight the enemy.
• zebra, wild dog, horse, wolf, cow and buffalo are examples of animals that live in groups.

4. Bad smell:

• some animals have bad smell.
• this bad smell prevebts the animals from being eaten.
• bedbug and cockroach are ezamples of animals that have bad smell.
• a skunk can release a liquid with a very bad smell.

5. Breaking its tail:

• a lizard has an unusual way of protecting itself from its enemy.
• a lizard breaks off its tail when threatened by enemies.
• the tail continues to move.
• the enemy will attack the tail while the lizard moves away safely.
• the lizard will grow another tail.

6. Spraying black dye:

• squid and octopus release black ink when attacked by enemies.
• their enemies cannot see them through the black ink.
• the squid and octopus quickly swim away from danger.

7. Run very quickly:

• some animals run very quickly.
• these animals run away from their enemies.
• horse, deer and zebra are examples of animals that run very quickly.

ANIMALS AND PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES :

ANIMALS PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM DANGER :

Animals have specific characteristics to protect themselves such as :

1.   Sharp horns :

• some animals have horns to defend themselves from being attacked by other animals.
• buffalo, deer and rhinoceros have horns.

2.  Hard skin or scales :

• some animals have hard skins or scales to protect themselves.
• other animals cannot bite or tear through the hard skin and hard scales.
• pangolin, elephant and crocodile are examples of animals that have hard skin and scales.

3.   Sharp spines or thorny body:

• some animals have sharp spines on their bodies.
• porcupine, hedgehod and sea urchin are examples of animals that have sharp spines.

4.   Hard shells :

• some animals have hard shells.
• the animal hides inside its shell when it is in danger.
• tortoise, turtle and snail are examples of animals that have hard shells.
• a crab has hard shell, which makes it difficult for other animals to eat it.

5.  Sharp claws :

• some animals have sharp claws.
• tiger, cat and eagle are examples of animals that have sharp claws.

6.  Poisonous sting or fang :

• some animals produce poison.
• bee, centipede, scorpion, cobra, mamba and jellyfish are examples of animals that produce poison.
• these animals release their poison when they are attacked.
• bee, centipede and scorpion store poison in their stings.

ANIMALS AND PLANTS PROTECT THEMSELVES :

Animals Protect Themselves From danger:

1.   Animals need to protect themselves from danger and from being eaten by their enemies.

2.   Animals also need to protect themselves from harsh weather.

3.   Animals protect themselves to ensure their survival.

4.   Animals have special ways to protect themselves. These may be either:

     (a)   a special characteristic

     (b)   a special behaviour

5.   Animals have specific characteristic to protect themselves such as:

• sharp horns
• sharp claws
• hard shells
• hard skins
• hard scales
• sharp spines or thorny body
• poisonous sting or fang

5.   Animals have specific behaviour to protect themselves such as:

• curl up
• camouflage
• living in herds (groups)
• bad smell
• pretending to dead
• breaking its tail
• spraying black dye
• run very quickly

PLANTS REPRODUCTION

PLANTS REPRODUCTION:

1.   Plants can reproduce. They produce young plants.
2.   If a plant does not reproduce it will become extinct.
3.   Plants are food for many animals as well as for humans.
4.   Animals that eat other animals also depend indirectly on plants for their survival.
5.   We as well as these animals will not survive without plants.
6.   Plants reproduce in many ways.
7.   Different types of plants reproduce in different ways.
8.   Plants can reproduce by :
     (a)   seeds
     (b)   spores
     (c)   suckers
     (d)   stem cuttings
     (e)   leaves
     (f)   underground stems
     (g)   runners
9.   Plants need to reproduce in order to continue to exist.   

SEEDS:

1.   Most flowering plants reproduce from seeds.
2.   Examples of plants that reproduce from seeds are :

• balsam
• corn
• durian
• tomato
• papaya

3.   The seeds of most plants are dispersed by animals.

4.   The animals eat the fruits and the seeds are thrown away. Small seeds are passed out in the faeces of animals.

5.  The seeds germinate and produce new plants.

SPORES:

1.  Non-flowering plants reproduce from spores.
2.  Examples of plants that reproduce from spores are :

• ferns
• mushrooms
• mosses

3.   Spores are very tiny and light. They are easily carried away by wind.

4.   Spores germinate and produce new plants.

SUCKERS :

1.   Examples of plants that reproduce from suckers are :

• bananas
• pineapples
• cannas
• some palms
• bamboos

2.   Suckers grow around the parent plant.

STEM CUTTINGS :

1.   Examples of plants that reproduce from stem cuttings are :

• hibiscus
• rose
• tapioca

2.   This type of reproduction does not occur naturally.

3.   Humans use this method to reproduce more plants.

LEAVES :

1.   Examples of plants that reproduce from leaves are :

• bryophyllum
• begonia

UNDERGROUND STEMS :

1.   Examples of plants that reproduce from underground stems are:

• potato
• onion
• ginger
• water lily

2.   The underground stems store food for the new plants.

RUNNERS :

1.   Examples of plants that reproduce from runners are :

• strawberry
• grass

2.   A runner is a horizontal stem that grows roots.

3.   New plants that grow from runners grow in a row.

LIFE  PROCESSES  IN  PLANTS :  

1.  Plants also undergo life processes.
2.  Plants undergo life processes such as :

•       respond to stimuli  
•       reproduction          

RESPOND TO STIMULI :

1.     Water and sunlight are examples of stimuli that plants respond to.

2.     The roots of plants grow towards water and gravity.

3.     The shoots move towards the sunlight.

4.     Certain leaflets respond to touch.

Plants Respond To Water :

1.     The roots of a plant respond to water. The roots grow towards water.

Plants Respond To Gravity :

1.      The roots of a plant respond to gravity. The roots grow down into the soil towards gravity. 

Plants Respond To Sunlight :

1.       The shoots of plants respond to sunlight. The shoots and the leaves of the plant grow towards sunlight.

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Plants Respond To Touch :

1.       The leaflets of plants respond to touch.
The leaflets close when the leaflets are touched. For example, the leaflets of a mimosa plant respond to touch.






- Response to stimuli in any direction

- Mimosa pudica and Venus fly trap

  respond quickly to touch

THINKING CORNER :

Question 1:

Frogs and toads live on both land and in 

water. What are other animals that do so ?

Answer :

Salamaders, newts, crocodile, hippopotamuses, crabs, mudskippers and many others.

Question 2:

Air enters humans and animals through the nose, mouth, skin or other special structure. 

How does air enter a plant ?

Answer :

Air enters a plant through tiny holes on the leaves. These holes are called stomata.

EXERCISE 1:

A.  Identify the breathing structures of the        
      animals given below.

1.   RAT  - ..............................................................

2.   GRASSHOPPER  - .........................................
                                                 
3.   EARTHWORM  - ...........................................

4.   FISH  - .............................................................

5.   CRAB  - ...........................................................

6.   CENTIPEDE  - ................................................

7.   TADPOLE  - ....................................................

8.   FROG  - ...........................................................

9.   SNAIL  - ...........................................................

10. COW  - .............................................................

****************************************

B. Classify the animals according to the ways of   
     reproduction.

ELEPHANT     FROG       WHALE      SNAKE      

        BIRD     TIGER      LIZARD       CAT         

              CROCODILE      MONKEY 


       GIVE BIRTH                     LAY EGGS  

1.  ..............................          6.  ...............................

2.  ..............................          7.  ...............................

3.  ..............................          8.  ...............................

4.  ..............................          9.  ...............................

5.  ..............................         10. ...............................

****************************************

                   

LIFE CYCLES OF ANIMALS :

1.   A life cycle shows us how an animal grow.
2.   Different animals have different life cycles.
3.   A young mosquito, butterfly and frog look very different from the adult.
4.   A young hamster and chick look similar to the adult.
5.   Animals undergo changes in size and shape as they grow.
6.   Here are some examples of life cycles of animals.

• Life Cycle Of Butterfly:

http://www.thebutterflysite.com/life-cycle.shtml

• Life Cycle Of Mosquito :

http://www.manateemosquito.com/mosquitolifecycle.html

• Life Cycle Of Grasshopper :

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/life-cycle-of-grasshoppers.html

• Life Cycle Of Frog :

http://www.slideshare.net/eboreman/frog-life-cycle-8506915

• Life Cycle Of  Chick :

http://willowridge.shs.k12.ny.us/WR_Teacher_Pages/sarnackij/Gr2%20Life%20Chicken

• Life Cycle of  Cockroach :

http://www.slideshare.net/SofiYuspita/life-cycle-of-cockroach

• Life Cycle Of Fly :

http://www.vtaide.com/png/housefly.htm

• Life Cycle Of  Bee :

http://library.thinkquest.org/5382/lifecycle.html

• Life Cycle Of  Ladybug:

• Life Cycle Of Dragonfly :

• Life Cycle Of  Turtle :

• Life Cycle Of Elephant :

• Life Cycle Of Horse :

• Life Cycle Of  Dog :

REPRODUCTION :

1.   An animal will reproduce either by giving birth to their young or laying eggs.

2.   Animals reproduce to:
      (a) ensure  the survival of their species
      (b) increase their numbers
3.   Some animals give birth to many offspring. A cat, hamster and rabbit are such animals.






4.   Some animals give birth to just one young, such as a whale, an elephant or a cow.

5.   Animals that give birth will provide milk to their young.
6.   These animals will protect their young.
7.   These animals will also teach their young how to obtain food.
8.   A turtle, frog, snake and fish are animals that lay many eggs at one time.





9.   A chicken lays only a few eggs at one time.



10. Some animals that lay eggs such as birds, look after the eggs and their young.
11. Birds provide their young with food. Birds teach their young how to fly.

12. Other animals such as python and crocodile only look after the eggs. These animals, however, do not look after the young after they hatch.



13. Animals can be classified according to the way they reproduce.

• Give birth  - Whale, rabbit, horse
• Lays eggs - Chicken, Turtle, crab